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King Juan Carlos I

In the 1970s and 1980s, democracy in Spain found an unlikely champion. King Juan Carlos I had been groomed by Francisco Franco to extend the power of conservative military rule. Big mistake.

Grades 9-12
History-Social Science
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King Juan Carlos II

In the 1970s King Juan Carlos of Spain, groomed to continue the rule of military autocrats, instead eased the transition to representative government and by his careful, incremental leadership blocked the inevitable reaction.

Grades 9-12
History-Social Science
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Mexico IV: Guadalupe Day

In Mexico late each year, festivities, celebrations, Roman Catholic ceremonies, and special masses mark the day of the patron saint, Our Lady of Guadalupe.

Grades 9-12
History-Social Science
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Mexico V: Expulsion of Jesuits From Spanish America

Following the Spanish invasion and conquest, the Roman Catholic Order of the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits, were a powerful and sometimes intrusive force for education and evangelism in Mexico.

Grades 9-12
History-Social Science
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Dutch East Indies II

In 1602 the government of the Netherlands chartered the Dutch East India Company to expand trading opportunities in eastern Asia. For decades little Holland dominated the European spice trade with the East Indies.

Grades 6-8 | 9-12
History-Social Science
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Dutch East Indies I

Beginning in the early 1600s, the lure of profits from spices attracted European trading companies to the exotic lands of the East Indies.

Grades 6-8 | 9-12
History-Social Science
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Russo Japanese War II

In 1904 political forces within both Japan and Russia were pushing their governments toward war. Leading the war cries in Japan were proto-fascist groups that soon took over Japanese society.

Grades 9-12
History-Social Science
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Russo Japanese War I

Usually the Russo-Japanese War which began in 1904 is studied because of its effects on the Czarist regime in Russia, but it also brought profound changes in Japan which helped lead decades later to World War II.

Grades 9-12
History-Social Science
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Mary, Queen of Scots I

In August 1561 Mary Stuart, the teenaged queen of Scotland, landed near Leith. She was home from France to claim her rights as ruler of a nation that had changed.

Grades 9-12
History-Social Science
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Mary, Queen of Scots II

Into the burgeoning turmoil that was Scotland in the 1560s Mary Stuart, recently widowed queen of France, returned to claim her rights as Queen of the Scots.

Grades 9-12
History-Social Science
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